MIZO ṬAWNGA POSTPOSITION

 POSTPOSITION

      Mizo ṭawngah hian mahni-a thumal ding hrang ve si; amaherawhchu, mahni-a awmze kimchang nei pha lo leh mahni-a subject emaw, object emaw pawh ni ve thei lo, noun leh pronoun leh gerund hnunga rawn chetla chawt ṭhin, an kawppui noun leh pronoun leh gerund nena lâk hran theih loha inlaichìn nghet tlat ṭhin thumal an awm a. Chutianga noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund emaw zui tlattu chu 'postposition' tih an ni a, Postposition chuan an kawppui noun leh pronoun leh gerund chu verb leh thu dang nena an inkungkaihna lai a rawn târ lang ṭhin a ni.

(1)  POSTPOSITIONAL NOUN

    

       Mahni-a thumal hran, noun nihna nei ve ngei si; amaherawhchu, mahni-a subject emaw, object emaw ni pha ve si lo, suffix 'Ah' leh 'A' behtir pawha mahni-a adverb of place ni pha lo, noun nihna nei ve chung si-a postposition hna thawk ṭhin thumal hi 'postpositional noun' chu an ni. Postpositional noun reng reng chu an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw nen khan lâk hran theih loh khawpa inlaichìn nghet tlat an ni. Chûngte chu:

          bul   hnuai        chhak       thlang

       piah   hnung       hma         chhûng

       sîr       kam           kiang      

       zâr      chung       lam          kâr

       zîng     lak             tàwp        âi

       chhehvêl              vêl

Entirna:

     

(a)    Bul hi a hnim lutuk. (subject) 

         Bul kan sam fai. (object) 

(aw) Sikul bul hi a hnim lutuk. (subject)

         Sikul bul kan sam fai. (object) 

       Entirna kan tar lana, "Bul hi a hnim lutuk," ti-a kan sawi hian, 'Bul' tih ringawt hi amahin subject a ni pha lo a, "Bul hi kan sam fai," ti-a kan sawi hian 'Bul' hi amahin object ni turin a kimchang pha lo leh bawk a ni. Chuvangin, noun a rawn zuinaah, "Sikul bul hi a hnim lutuk," tiin emaw, "Sikul bul kan sam fai," ti emaw kan sawi hian, heta 'Bul' hian a kawppui noun thumal 'Sikul' leh verb inkungkaihna lai hi rawn târ langin, thu dang nen a inlaichìntir a. Tichuan, a kawppui noun nen hian noun phrase niin, kan sentence-ah hian subject emaw, object emaw an ni dun thei ta a ni.

       Hetianga noun emaw, pronoun emaw tel lova mahni-a subject emaw, object emaw ni tura awmze kimchang nei pha lo, noun emaw, pronoun emaw rawn zui chawt ṭhintu, an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw nena lâk hran theih loha inlaichìn nghet tlat thumal, noun ni ve chung si-a postposition hna thawk hi 'postpositional noun' chu a ni. Hêng postpositional noun-ah hian suffix 'Ah' leh 'A' behtirin, "Sikul bulah naupang an infiam," ti te'n leh, "Sikul bula theihai kha kan lo," ti tein suffix behna postpositional noun leh  kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw hi 'adverb of place'-ah kan siam ṭhin  ni.

       Hêng  'ar tui, sazu kua, thing zâr,...adt' tih-a 'Tui, Kua, Zâr' tih ang chite hi anmahnia subject leh object atana mal din zo lo thumal, anmahni ti fiah kimchangtu (complet noun) mamawh ve tho ni mah sela, postpositional noun kan tar lante nen an danglamna chu hêng noun thumalte chuan a kawppui noun nen hian lâk hran theih vek an ni. 'Ar' leh  'Tui' hi lâk hran theih niin, 'Sazu' leh a 'Kua' hi lâk hran theih  ni a, 'Thing' leh a 'Zâr' hi lâk hran daih theih a ni bawk. Chuvangin, hêng hi chu complete noun mamawh ve tho noun ni mah sela, postposition nih phung an neih ve loh avangin 'postpositional noun' an ni ve lo a. Postpositional noun reng reng chu an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw nen khan lâk hran theih loh khawpa inkungkaih nghet tlat an ni ṭhin  a ni.

Entirna:

(a)    Khum hnuai ka phiat fai.

                     ¯¯¯¯¯

(aw) Sikul chhak  a min vak mai.

                   ¯¯¯¯¯¯

(b)    Kawng thlang hi a awih mang e.

                      ¯¯¯¯¯¯

(ch)  Kan piah deuh-ah sawn tui a awm.

                 ¯¯¯¯

(d)    Mi hnung zui tâwk lek ka ni.

               ¯¯¯¯¯¯

(e)    Hall chhûng khatin kan kal khâwm.

                 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(f)     Kawng sîr   hi sam fai a ngai.

                      ¯¯¯

(g)    Mahni hma   chauh hi sial loh tur.

                     ¯¯¯¯¯

(ng)  Lui kam nuam deuha awm ka châk.

                ¯¯¯¯

(h)    Kan kiang lo chu nuam tihna a nei lo.

                 ¯¯¯¯¯

(i)     I hnen  thlen ka nghâkhlel tawh.

           ¯¯¯¯¯

(j)     Anni lak  aṭang hian ka inthiar fihlim.

                  ¯¯¯

(k)    In zîng aṭang khan pakhat lo kal teh u.

             ¯¯¯¯

(l)     Sawrkâr zâr hi kan zo teh asin.

                        ¯¯¯

(m)   Rama chu a chung a la pik khawp

         ang.               ¯¯¯¯¯¯

( n )  Dawhkan chung  hi han hru fai teh.

                           ¯¯¯¯¯¯

(o)    Kan khaw lam kan pan dawn.

                           ¯¯¯¯

(p)    Zîng kâr hi ka hun neih ve chhun ni.

                  ¯¯¯

(r)     Kum tâwp kan lo hnaih ve ta.

                  ¯¯¯¯¯

(s)    Dinga ai chu Liana'n lo va awh mai

                    ¯¯                                rawh se.

(t)     Kan khaw chhehvêl hi thing hmun vek

         a ni.           ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(ṭ)     Kan in vêl hi then fai a ngai a nih hi. 

                     ¯¯¯

       Entirna kan tar lana 'Hnuai, Chhak, Thlang, Piah, Hnung, Chhûng, Sîr, Hma, Kam, Kiang, Hnen, Zîng, Zâr, Chung, Lam, Kâr, Tâwp, Ai, Chhehvêl, Vêl' tihte hi 'postpositional noun' an ni vek a. Hêng postpositional noun-ah hian suffix 'Ah' leh 'A' hi behtirin, 'Hnuaiah, Chhakah, Thlangah, Hnenah...adt.' tiin leh, 'Kianga, Hnena, Zînga, Chunga...adt.' ti tein an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw nen hian 'adverb of place'-ah kan siam ṭhin a ni.

(2)  POSTPOSITION

        Hei pawh hi mahni-a thumal ding hrang ni ve ngei si; amaherawhchu, noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund emaw hnunga phusa chawt ṭhin, an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund emaw chu verb nena an inkungkaihna lai rawn târ langtu bawk a ni ve leh a. Chûngte chu:

        atan       tan        ata           ṭang

        aṭang     vang     chhan     zâwng

Entirna:

(a)     YMA President atan an thlang.

                                      ¯¯¯¯

(aw)  Lal tan thil pêk kan rawn keng.

                ¯¯¯

(b)     Heta ṭang hian kan in chu a hla lo.

                   ¯¯¯¯

(ch)   Nizan aṭang khan ruah a la sur reng.

                      ¯¯¯¯¯

(d)     Buaina chhuak hi nangmah vang

          a ni.                                          ¯¯¯¯¯

(e)     Mihringte hi dam chhan nei ṭheuh

          kan ni.                   ¯¯¯¯¯¯

(f)      I thil ngainat zâwng mi han hrilh teh.

                                 ¯¯¯¯¯¯

         Hetiang hian, postposition hrang hrangte hian noun leh pronoun leh gerund-te hi zuiin an kawp ṭhin a. An kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund emaw kha sentence-a verb nen an inkungkaihna lai târ langin, thu dangte nen pawh a inlaichìntir ta ṭhin a. Postposition-te hi anmahni mize milin leh, an kawppui thumal azir zelin an awmzia leh an hna thawh pawh a inang lo ṭhin a ni.

(3) POSTPOSITIONAL PHRASE

       Postposition hi postposition bawkin a rawn zui ve thei a. Chutianga postposition pakhat aia tam inkawp chu 'postpositional phrase' tih a ni.

Entirna:

(a)   Ka lak aṭang hian tlan bo tum suh.

              ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(aw) Awfis bul vêl hi sam fai a ngai.

                    ¯¯¯¯¯¯

(b)  Pathian âng chhung hi himna hmun ni. 

                      ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

(ch) An zîng ata kha rawn inhnûk dâwk

              ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯                                rawh.

(d) Sikul hma lam hi then fai a ngai a nih

      hi.      ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

        Entirna pakhatnaah hian, postposition 'Lak' hi postposition bawk 'Aṭang' hian  rawn zuiin, postposition pahnih inkawp 'Lak ṭang'  tih hi postposition phrase a ni ta a ni. Chutiang bawkin, entirna sentence dangah pawh hian postposition pahnih inkawp, 'Bul vêl, Zîng ata, Âng chhûng, Hma lam' tihte hi 'postpositional phrase' an ni leh ta bawk a ni.

             CHHINCHHIAH ZUI ATAN

(1)   Postposition chu mahni-a thumal ding hrang; amaherawhchu, mahni-a awmze kimchang nei pha si lo, mahni-a subject emaw, object emaw pawh luah zo lo, suffix 'Ah' leh 'A' behtira mahni-a adverb of place pawh ni pha lo, noun emaw, pronoun emaw,   gerund emaw zui chawt ṭhintu, an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund emaw kha verb nena an inkungkaihna lai rawn tar lang ṭhintu hi a ni. Postposition chu an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund emaw nen khan lâk hran theih loh khawpa inkungkaih nghet an ni ṭhin a; an kawppui noun emaw, pronoun emaw, gerund nen emaw khan 'noun phrase' an ni ṭhin a ni.

(2)  'Sikul kawt,...' tih ang chi-a 'Kawt' tih ang te hi chu mahni pawha subject leh object luah thei noun thumal an nih bâkah, suffix 'Ah' leh 'A' behtirin anmahni ngau ngau pawh hian adverb of place atana hman theih an nih avangin, hetiang thumalho hi chu postposition an ni ve lo a. Chutiang bawkin, 'Sava tui, Thing zâr, Saphu kua...adt.' tih ang chi-a 'Tui, Zâr, Kua' tih ang chite pawh hi complete noun mamawh thumal ve tho ni mah sela, an kawppui noun nen hian an inkungkaihna lâk hran theih an nih avangin postposition nih phung an nei ve lo bawk a ni.

       Mizo ṭawng hian amaha grammar kal phung hran hlak a neih avang hian, sentence structure leh word order lamah pawh a anpui ni lo, Sâp ṭawnga 'preposition' leh Mizo ṭawnga 'postposition' hi inmiltir tum chi a ni lo a. Sâp ṭawnga 'preposition' leh Mizo ṭawnga 'postposition' hi an ziarâng leh kal phung a inang lo a; chuvangin, ṭawng dang kal phung aṭanga kan khàr chhàwn ni lo, ama ze mil ngei 'postposition' hi Mizo ṭawng hian amahin a  nei hrang fel thlap a ni tih hi hriat reng a pawimawh a ni.

Thu lâkna: Pu PC. Thangzîkpuia ziah 'MIZO

                   ṬAWNG GRAMMAR' tih bû-a mi

MIZO ṬAWNGA GERUND LEH VERBAL NOUN

GERUND LEH VERBAL NOUN

GERUND

       Mizo ṭawngah chuan verb thumal subjunctive mood form, verb atana kan hman ṭhin adjective thumal subjunctive mood form, kan sentence-a thil titu 'subject' emaw, thil tih tuartu 'object' atan emawa kan hman ṭhin hi 'gerund' chu a ni.

Entirna:

         1.   'Aizâwl' hi a nuam.  (subject)

         2.   'Mut' hi a nuam.       (subject)

         3.   'Ui' hi ka ngaina.       (object)

         4.   'Zài' hi ka ngaina.     (object) 

       

      Entirnaa kan chhawp chhuah pakhatna  sentence leh pahnihnaah hian, "A nuam," tiin kan sawi ve ve a. Hetah hian, "Eng maw nuam?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu noun thumal 'Aizawl' tih leh verb thumal 'Mut' hi a ni. Tichuan, kan sentence-a noun thumal 'Aizawl' tih hian  subject a luah dan leh verb thumal subjunctive mood  form 'Mut' tih hian subject an luah dan a inang ta reng a. Hetiang verb thumal ni si, noun ang chiaha kan sentence-a subject luahtu atana kan hman 'Mut' hi verb ni chunga noun anga phusa 'gerund' chu a ni ta a ni.

         Entirna kan chhawp chhuah pathumna leh palinaah hian, "Ka ngaina," tiin kan sawi ve ve a. Hetah hian, "Eng maw i ngainat?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu noun thumal 'Ui (dog)' leh verb thumal 'Zài' hi a ni. Tichuan, kan sentence-ah hian noun thumal 'Ui (dog)' hian object a luah dan leh verb thumal subjunctive mood form  'Zài' hian object an luah dan hi a inang leh ta chiah bawk a ni. Hetianga verb thumal ni si, noun ang chiaha kan sentence-a object luahtu 'Zài' hi verb ni chunga noun anga phusa 'gerund' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian, verb thumla subjunctive mood form  hi kan sentence-ah thil titu 'subject' emaw, thil tih tuartu 'object' atan emawa kan hman hian, verb ni chunga noun anga phusa 'gerund' an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

INTRANSITIVE VERB GERUND-A HMAN DAN

       Intransitive verb hi gerund-a hman a nih chuan, a subjunctive mood form zel hman ṭhin a ni a. Tuartu (object) mamawh lo thil tih sawina a nih avangin, intransitive verb chu amah lâwngin gerund-ah hian hman ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

  1. 'Tlàn' hi insâwi zawi nan a ṭha. (subject)

 

  2. Hetah hian 'Ṭhut' an phal lo.  (object)

        Entirna kan chhawp chhuah sentence pakhatnaa 'Tlàn' hi intransitive verb thumal sunjunctive mood form, ri hniam tawia lam rîk a ni a. Kan sentence-a, "Insâwi zawi nan a ṭha," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw ṭha," ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Tlàn' hi a ni. Hetah hian kan thil sawi 'Tlàn' hi subject a nih tlat avangin verb thumal ni mah sela, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman a ni a, 'gerund' a ni ta a ni.

        Entirna pahnihnaa 'Ṭhut' hi intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form bawk a ni a. Kan sentence-a, "An phal lo," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw an phal loh?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Ṭhut' hi a ni. Hetah hian 'Ṭhut' hi verb thumal ni mah sela, kan sentence-ah hian 'object' a nih tlat avangin, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman niin 'gerund' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

      Hetiangah hian, intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form hi kan sentence-ah subject emaw, object emaw atana kan hman chuan, verb thumal ni si-a noun atana kan hman, verb leh noun ni kawp 'gerund' a ni ta ṭhin a. Intransitive verb chu tuartu (object) mamawh lo thil tih sawina a nih avangin, amah lâwng hian gerund  a ni thei ṭhin a. Chutiang bawkin, adjective leh reflexive verb thumal subjunctive mood form-te pawh  anmahni lâwngin gerund-ah hman an ni ṭhin bawk a ni.

TRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL GERUND-A HMAN DAN

       Transitive verb pawh hi gerund-a hman a nih chuan, a subjunctive mood form zel hman ṭhin a ni a. Transitive verb chu tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a nih avangin (inbiakna ṭawngkam satliahah te chuan amah lâwngin gerund-ah hman ni ve bawk mah sela), gerund a nihnaah pawh hian amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object a chhawm ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

           1. 'Èi' hi puarna a ni. (subject)

           2. 'Duh' i ngah lutuk. (object)

       Entirna sentence pakhatnaa 'Èi' hi transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form, ri hniam tawia lam rîk a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian, "Puarna a ni," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Èi' hi a ni. Hetah hian, 'Èi' hi a chungchâng kan sawia (subject) a nih tlat avangin, transitive verb thumal ni mah sela, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman 'gerund' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaah pawh hian 'Duh' hi transitive verb thumal bawk niin, kan sentence-a, "I ngah lutuk," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Duh' tih hi a ni. Hetah hian 'Duh' hi kan thil sawi tuartu (object) a nih tlat avangin, transitive verb thumal ni mah sela, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman a ni a, 'gerund' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

      Hetiang hian, inbiakna ṭawngkam naranah te hian transitive verb thumal ṭhenkhat chu thil tih tuartu (object) tel lo pawhin, anmahni lâwng hian gerund-ah hman ve theih an ni ṭhin a. Amaherawhchu, transitive verb reng reng chu tuartu/dawngtu (object) mamawh  thil tih sawina an nih tlat avangin, gerund an nihnaah pawh hian anmahni ti fiahtu (complement) atan object an chhawm ṭhin a ni. (Gerund leh complement chêt dunna chu gerund phrase sawinaah tar lan a ni.)

GERUND PHRASE

Gerund leh modifier inkawp

     Gerund-te hi verb thumal an nih tlat vangin, noun angin khawsa mah sela, an zepui zâwk verb zia an la kawl tlat a. Chuvangin, verb an niha anmahni puibàwmtu atana adverb leh auxiliary verb-te an phusakpui ṭhin ang chiah kha gerund an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei vek. Chu mai ni lovin, noun nihna an neih kawp bawk avangin, adjective-te'n an la rawn puibàwm thei cheu bawk a ni. Chutiang gerund leh amah puibàwmtu modifier inkawp tlâng ta chu, kan sentence-ah subject emaw, object emaw an han nih ho khan 'gerund phrase' an ni ta ṭhin a ni. 

Entirna:

1. 'Ṭawng tam lutuk' hi  ṭha lo. (subject)

2. 'Sawi tur pawimawh deuh' ka nei.

     (object)

       Entirna sentence kan siam pakhatnaa 'Ṭawng' hi intransitive verb thumal niin, kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu 'gerund' a ni a; hei hi adverb thumal pahnih, "A ṭha lo," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu gerund leh modifier inkawp 'Ṭawng tam lutuk' tih hi a ni ta a. Hetah hian thumal pakhat aia tam ṭang tlâng/ṭang rual, gerund leh modifier inkawp 'Ṭawng tam lutuk' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian subject an nih ho/tlàn tâk avangin 'gerund phrase' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaa 'Sawi' transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood a ni ve thung a; kan sentence-ah hian verb ni chunga object luahtu 'gerund' a ni a. Heta gerund hi modifier 'Tur pawimawh deuh' tih hian an rawn pui bàwm ve leh a. Tichuan, kan sentence-a, "Ka nei," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu gerund leh modifier inkawp 'Sawi tur pawimawh deuh' tih hi a ni ta a. Hetah hian thumal pakhat  aia tam ṭang tlâng/ṭang rual, gerund leh modifier inkawp, 'Sawi tur pawimawh deuh' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian object an nih ho tâk avangin, 'gerund phrase' an ni ve leh ta ṭhin a  ni. 

GERUND LEH COMPLEMENT INKAWP

       Transitive verb hi tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a nih tlat avangin, gerund a nihnaah pawh hian object tel lo chuan amahin a fiah zo ṭhin lo a. Chuvangin, verb a niha object a neih ṭhin  ang tho khan gerund a nihnaah pawh hian amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object a la chhawm ṭhin a. Chutianga gerund leh complement (object) ṭang dun, kan sentence-a subject emaw, object emaw ni ta chu 'Gerund phrase' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

Entirna:

1. 'Lei laih' hi a hahthlâk. (subject)

2. 'Tui chèn' hi a nuam. (subject)

3. 'Ar bâwm tah' kan zir. (object)

4. 'Ruih hlo zawrh' an khap. (object)

           Entirna kan chhawp chhuah pakhatnaa 'Laih' hi transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form a ni a. Verb thumal ni mah sela, kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu a nih avangin, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman  'gerund' a ni ta a ni. Hetah hian gerund atana kan hman 'Laih' hi amah ngáwk hian subject-ah hmangin, "Laih hi a hahthlâk," tiin sawi ta ila, amah mai chuan gerund hi a fiah phâk lo a. Chuvangin, gerund 'Laih' hi amah ti fiahtu atan ama object 'Lei' hi kan chhawmtir ta a. "Lei laih hi a hahthlâk," ti-a kan sawi hian, gerund leh a complement inkawp, 'Lei laih' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu 'Gerund phrase' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pathumna sentence-a 'Tah' hi transitive verb thumal bawk a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian object luahtu niin 'gerund' a ni ve leh a. Amaherawhchu, amah ngáwk hian object-ah hmangin, "Tah ka zir," tiin sawi ta ila, gerund hi amah mai hian a fiah phâk lo leh a. Chuvangin, amah ti fiahtu atan ama object 'Ar bâwm' hi kan chhawmtir a, "Ar bâwm tah ka zir," ti-a kan sawi hian, gerund leh complement inkawp 'Ar bâwm tah' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian object atana ṭang ho 'gerund phrase' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian, intransitive verb leh transitive verb emaw, reflexive verb leh adjective emaw pawh gerund atana hman an nih hian, an zepui zâwk verb zia kha an la kawl tlat avangin, verb an niha adverb leh auxiliary verb-te an phusakpui ṭhin ang kha gerund an nihnaah pawh an la chhawm thei vek a. Chu mai ni lovin, noun zia an kâwl tâk bawk avangin adjective-te pawhin an rawn puibawm thei bawk a. Chutianga gerund-in amah thuam belhtu atana modifier hrang hrang a chêtpuina tawh phawt chu 'gerund phrase' a ni ta a ni. Chu bâkah, transitive verb hian gerund a nihnaah pawh verb nihna ama object a phusakpui ṭhin ang kha gerund an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei zel a. Chutianga transitive verb thumal, gerund atana kan hmanin amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object a chêtpui phawt chuan, chu chu 'gerund phrase' a ni ta ṭhin bawk a ni.

       Gerund atana transitive verb kan hman hian complement a chhawm leh modifier a chhawmte hi a rualin a chêtpui thei bawk a. Chutianga gerund-in complement leh modifier a ruala a phusakpuina chu 'gerund phrase' a la ni ta zel a ni.

Entirna:

1. 'Lehkhabu chhiar tam' hi finna a ni.

     (subject)

2. 'Thil dah fel thlip thlep' hi ka peih ve lo.

     (object)

       Entirna kan siam sentence pakhatnaa 'Chhiar' hi gerund niin, a complement atan hian ama object 'Lehkhabu' hi a chhawm a; hei bâkah hian a modifier atan 'Tam' hi a la chhawm tel ta bawk a. Hetiang hian, gerund hian ama complement leh modifier-te hi a rualin a phusakpui thei ṭhin a. Hetianga gerund-in a ruala complement leh modifier a chêtpuina reng reng hi 'gerund phrase' a ni leh ta a ni.

       (Gerund atana transitive verb kan hman ṭhin hi 'participle' nen an ziarâng a inang êm êm a. Amaherawhchu, kan hriat hranna tur chu gerund hian complement atan ama object a chhawm tan hian adjective hna a thawk ngai lo a; transitive verb thumal 'participle' atana kan hman erawh chuan, ama object a chhawm tan hian adjective hna a thawk zel ṭhin thung a ni.)

VERBAL NOUN

        Verb thumal ni si, noun atana kan hman reng reng hi 'verbal noun' an ni vek a. Suffix 'Na' hmanga verb thumal noun-a kan siam leh 'gerund' pawh hi 'verbal noun' an ni a; amaherawhchu, verbal noun zawng zawng erawh gerund an ni ve lo thung. Gerund atan chuan verb thumal subjunctive mood form leh adjective thumal subjunctive mood form hi hman ṭhin a ni a. Verbal noun atan chuan intransitive thumal indicative mood form bâkah, transitive verb thumal indicative mood form leh imperative mood form hman ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

    verbal noun

1.  'Mû'                saw a hnâr ring mang e.

   ( subject)

    gerund

2. 'Mut'       hi i thlahlel leh lutuk.

    (object)

       Entirna kan tar lan sentence hmasa zâwka 'Mû' hi intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian, "A hnâr ring mang e," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tu maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Mû' hi a ni. Hetah hian intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Mû' hi verb thumal ni mah sela, kan sentence-ah hian thil titu 'subject' a nih tlat avangin, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman 'verbal noun' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaa sentence-a 'Mut' hi intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form a ni ve thung a. Kan sentence-ah hian, "I thlahlel leh lutuk," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Mut' hi a ni a. Hetah hian kan sentence-a object luahtu, intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form 'Mut' hi verb thumal ni chunga noun atana kan hman niin 'gerund' a ni ve thung a ni.

        Hetiang hian, verb thumal ni si, kan sentence-a a thil titu (subject) emaw, til tih tuartu (object) emaw ni ṭhin hi verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman hi 'verbal noun' an ni ta ṭhin a. Verbal noun-ah hian verb thumal subjunctive mood form hi 'gerund' ti-a sawi an ni ta bîk a ni.

ITRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL, VERBAL NOUN-A HMAN DAN

       Intransitive verb thumal verbal noun-a kan hmannaah chuan, a indicative mood form hman ṭhin a ni a. Intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'verbal noun'-a kan hman hi noun angin phusa mah sela, an zepui zâwk kha verb a nih miau avangin, verb an nihna modifier atana adverb leh auxiliary verb an chhawm theih ang ang kha verbal noun an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei vek ṭhin a ni. Chutianga verbal noun leh modifier inkawp chu 'noun phrase' a ni ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

    verbal noun

1. 'Zai'               saw ka fanu a nih saw.

    (subject) 

     noun phrase

2. 'Thlâwk luap luap' kha ka perh thla.

      (object)

      Entirna sentence pakhatnaah hian, "Ka fanu a nih saw," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tu maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Zai' hi a ni. Tichuan, sentence-a object luahtu intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Zai' hi thil tih hmanga a titu sawina niin 'verbal noun' a ni ta a ni. Kan sentence pahnihnaa, "Ka perh thla," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Thlâwk luap luap' tih hi a ni a. Hetah hian thil tih hmanga a titu kan sawi 'Thlâwk' hi verbal noun niin, "Thlâwk kha ka perh thla," ti pawha sawi theih a ni a; amaherawhchu, modifier (adverb) a chhawm nen 'Thlâwk luap luap'  tih a nih hian, kan sentence-a 'Thlâwk luap luap' tih hi 'noun phrase' a ni ta ni.

       Hetiangin, intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form hi kan sentence-ah subject maw, object maw luahtu atana kan hman hian, thil tih hmanga  a titu kan sawina, verb ni chunga noun nih kawp 'verbal noun' an ni ta ṭhin a. Hêng verbal noun-te hi anmahni puibawmtu modifier-adverb leh auxiliary verb-te nena an phusak ho chuan 'noun phrase' an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

TRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL, VERBAL NOUN-A HMAN DAN

       Transitive verb thumal hi a indicative mood form bâkah, a imperative mood form hi verbal noun-ah hman ṭhin a ni a.Transitive verb hi tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a nih tlat avangin, verbal noun-a kan hmannaah pawh hian amah ti chiangtu (complement) atan ama object nen an la che dun ṭhin a. Chutianga transitive verb thumal indicative mood form leh imperative mood form, verbal noun-a kan hmanin ama object a chêtpuina chu 'noun phrase' an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

     noun phrase

1. 'Bâwng kai'     an lo kal.

     (subject)

     noun phrase

2. 'Khuang vaw ṭhin' hmelhriat ka nei.

     (object)

       Entirna hmasa zâwkah hian, "An lo kal," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tute maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Bâwng kai' tih hi a ni a. Hetah hian til tih sawina ni chunga a titu kan sawina, kan sentence-a subject luahtu transitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Kai' hi, verb ni chunga noun atan kan hman niin 'verbal noun' a ni ta a. Amaherawhchu, heta verbal noun 'Kai' hi tuartu mamawh thil tih sawina (transitive verb) thumal a nih tlat si avangin, verbal noun a nihnaah pawh hian amah mai chuan a fiah zo lo a; chuvangin, amah ti fiahtu atan ama object (complement) 'Bâwng' hi a chhawm ta a. Tichuan, verbal noun leh object inkawp 'Bâwng kai' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu 'noun phrase' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaah hian, "Hmelhriat ka nei," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tu maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Khuang vaw ṭhin' tih hi a ni a. Heta thil tih hmanga a titu kan sawina, kan sentence-a object luahtu 'Vaw' hi thil tih sawina ni chunga noun atana kan hman niin 'verbal noun' a ni ve leh a. Amaherawhchu, hei pawh hi transitive verb thumal a nih tlat si avangin, amah mai hian a fiah zo lo a. Chuvangin, amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object 'Khuang' hi a chhawm ve leh ta a. Hei hi modifier (adverb) 'Ṭhin' tih hian puibawm ve lehin 'Khuang vaw ṭhin' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian object luahtu 'noun phrase' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian, transitive verb thumal hi a indicative mood form emaw, a imperative mood form emaw hi 'verbal noun'-ah  hian hman ṭhin a ni a. Transitive verb chu object mamawh thil tih sawina a nih tlat avangin, verbal noun an nihnaah pawh hian complement atan anmahni object an chhawm ṭhin a. Chu mai ni lovin, modifier atan  adverb leh auxiliary verb-te pawh an chhawm tel thei bawk a. Chutiang complement nen chauh emaw, complement leh modifier-te nen emawa verbal noun han phusa ho ta ṭhin chu 'noun phrase' a ni ta a ni.

Chhinchhiah tel atan:

       (1) Verb thumal ni si, noun atana kan hman tawh phawt hi 'verbal noun' an ni vek a; amaherawhchu, verb thumal subjunctive mood form, noun atana kan hmante erawh hi verbal noun ni tho mah sela, 'gerund' ti-a sawi an ni bîk a ni.

      (2) Verbal noun-in modifier (adverb, auxiliary verb) a chêtpuina leh complement (ama object) a chêtpuina ang chi reng reng hi 'noun phrase' a ni a. Gerund-in modifier a chêtpuina leh complement a chêtpuina hi 'gerund phrase' tih a ni thung a. Participle-in modifier a chêtpuina leh complement a chêtpuina hi 'participle phrase' tih a ni ve leh thung a ni.

Thu lâkna: PC. Thangzîkpuia ziah 'MIZO

                   ṬAWNG GRAMMAR BÛ'

MIZO ṬAWNGA MOOD HI

 MOOD

            ' Mood' tih chu Laṭin ṭawng thumal 'Modus' tih aṭanga lâk chhàwn a ni a, a awmzia chu 'Chêt dan, Nungchang' tihna te a ni. Kan thu chheh dan kàl hmang azira thil tih (verb) thumal hian nungchang leh chêt dan an thlâk danglam kual ṭhin a; chutianga kan thu sawi hawi zâwng mila thil tih (verb) thumalin an nungchang leh awmzia an thlâk danglam kùal ṭhin sawina chu 'Mood' hi a ni.

Entirna:

(1) Sângi chuan nau a 'Pua'.

(2) Naute hi i 'Puak' chuan a muhil ang.

(3) Naute hi lo 'Paw' rawh.

         Entirnaa kan tar lan ang hian, thil tih (verb) thumal hian kan thu sawi awmze milin a nungchang leh chêt dan hi chi thumin a thlâk danglam a. Pakhatnaah khian a rîk dan emaw, a ziah dan emaw tih danglam miah loh, a awmze pangngai dik takin 'Pua' hi thil tih chiang ngei sawina atan kan hmang a. Pahnihnaah khian a awmze pangngai aṭanga a nih phung a thlâk vawi khatna 'Puak' hi thil chiang lo, thil ni thei chi sawi nan kan hmang thung a. Pathumnaah khian a awmze pangngai aṭanga a nih phung a thlâk vawi hnihna 'Paw' tih hi thil ti tura mi dang tirhna ṭawngkam atan kan hmang ve leh a ni.

        Hetianga kan ṭawngkam hawi zâwng mila thil tih (verb) thumalin an nungchang leh awmzia an thlâk danglam a, ze hran an put kùal tâk ṭhin hi 'Mood' chu a ni. Mizo ṭawngah chuan thil tih (verb) thumal kan neihte hian mood chi thum (3) an nei a. Chûng an mood neih chi thumte chu hêngte hi an ni:

                1. Indicative mood

                2. Subjunctive mood

                3. Imperative mood

1. Indicative mood

            Thil tih (verb) thumal, a rîk dan emaw, a sipel emaw tih danglam loh, a root word ngei hmanga thil tih chiang ngei, a thu phunga kan sawi chhuahna hi 'Indicative mood' chu a ni. Indicative mood reng reng chu simple sentence-a thu chhehna niin, principle clause an ni zel a. Hming ai awhtu (pronoun) pakhat chauh awmin, hming ai awhtu awm chhun chu 'Subjunctive case' a ni nghâl zel a. Thil tih (verb) pawh pakhat chauh awmin, thil tih (verb) awm chhun chu mood kengtu ni chungin thil tih puitling (main verb) a ni zel ṭhin bawk a ni.

Entirna:

(1) Chhani a 'Zai'.

(2) Lala'n milem a 'Ziak'.

(3) Faka'n khuang a 'Vua'.

         Entirna kan siam hi thil tih chiang ngei kan sawi chhuahna ṭawngkam vek an ni a. Pakhatnaa thil tih sawi nana thil tih (verb) thumal kan hman 'Zai' hi a rîk dan tih danglam ṭhin a ni a; amaherawhchu, kan sentence-ah hian a rîk dan tih danglam loh, a root word ngei hi thil tih sawi nan kan hmang a. Pahnihnaa mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal kan hman 'Ziak' hi ziah dan chi khata tih danglam ṭhin niin, a ziah dan tih danglam loh, a root word ngei hi kan sentence-a thil tih sawi nan kan hmang leh a. Pathumnaa mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Vua' hi ziah dan chi hniha tih danglam ṭhin, ziah dan chi thum (3) awm a ni a; kan sentence-ah hian a ziah dan tih danglam loh, a root word ngei hi thil tih sawi nan kan hmang ve leh a ni. Hetiang hian thil tih (verb) thumal, a rîk dan emaw, a ziah dan emawa an awmzia leh nih phung tih danglam loh, an root word ngei hmanga thil tih leh thil thleng ang chi, thil chiang ngei a thu phunga kan sawi chhuahna ṭawngkam hi 'Indicative mood' chu a ni ta a ni.

        Indicative mood reng reng chu simple sentence-a thil tih kan sawina a nih zel avangin principle clause a ni nghal zel a, hming ai awhtu (pronoun) pakhat chauh leh thil tih (verb) pakhat chauh a awm ṭhin a ni. Hming ai awhtu (pronoun) awm chhun chu 'Subjunctive case' niin, thil tih (verb) awm chhun chu sentence innghahna thil tih puitling (main verb) a ni zel ṭhin bawk a. Thil tih (verb) thumal awm chhun, mood kengtu hi adverb leh auxiliary verb-te puibawm lohin, a root word ngeiin thil tih puitling (main verb) a ni ṭhin a ni. (thil tih thumal zawng zawng hi indicative mood-ah hian an root word ngeiin thil tih puitling an ni thei vek a. Thil tih thumal emaw kan tih, indicative mood-a an root word ngeia thil tih puitling atana hman theih si loh chu thil tih thumal a ni lo, parts of speech-a nihna dang nei thumal an ni tihna a ni a. Chu lo leh-ah chuan, thil tih thumal tur ni miah lo, dik lo taka thil tih leh tuartu/dawngsawngtu 'object' ziah zawm palh emaw, titu/sawitu 'subject' leh thil tih 'verb' ziah zawm palh emaw an ni tihna a ni ṭhin.)

2. Subjunctive mood

            Thil tih (verb) thumal, a rîk dan thlâk danglam ṭhinah, a rîk dan tih danglam zâwk leh ziah dan chi hnih awmah, a ziah dan tih danglam zâwk leh ziah dan chi thum awma a ziah dan chi hnihna hmanga thil tih chiang lo, duh thu sàm leh châk zâwng te, tum dan leh duh dan te, rin dan leh thil ni thei te, suangtuahna ang chi te kan sawina ṭawngkam hi 'Subjunctive mood' chu a ni.

Entirna:

(1) Sâp rama 'Zin' ve ka châk ngawt mai.

(2) Kan nula 'Hmuh' kha va rìm kan tum.

(3) Tuiin a 'Buak' che chuan i huh vek ang.

         Entirna kan chhawp chhuah sentence hmasa ber hi thil tih châk kan sawina ṭawngkam a ni a. Hetah hian mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Zin' hi a rîk dan pangngai aṭanga tih danglam, a ri hniam hman a ni a. Hetianga thil tih châk zâwng ang chi leh duh thu sàm thil kan sawina ṭawngkama mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal, a nih phung pangngai aṭanga a rîk dan tih danglam zâwk kan hman tâk hi 'Subjunctive mood' chu a ni ta a ni.

        Pahnihna sentence hi thil tih tum kan sawina ṭawngkam a ni a. Hetah hian mood kengtu atana thil tih (verb) thumal kan hman 'Hmuh' hi a root word chu 'Hmu' niin, kan sentence-ah hian a ziah dan thlâk danglam tâk zâwk 'Hmuh' hi kan hmang a. Hetianga thil tih (verb) thumal, ziah dan chi hniha ziah ṭhinah, a nih phung pangngai aṭanga a ziah dan tih danglam tâk zâwk hmanga thil tih tum ang chi kan sawina hi 'Subjunctive mood' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Pathumna hi thil thleng thei leh ni thei sawina ṭawngkam a ni a. Hetah hian mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Buak' hi a root form chu 'Bua' niin, ziah dan chi hniha tih danglam ṭhin, ziah dan chi thum 'Bua; Buak, Baw' ti tea ziah ṭhin a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian a ziah dan tih danglam vawi khatna, 'Buak' hi thil ni thei leh thleng thei sawi nan kan hmang ta a. Hetianga thil tih (verb) thumal, a nih phung pangngai aṭanga a ziah dan tih danglam chi hnihna hmanga thil ni thei leh zeldin thil te kan sawina ṭawngkam hi 'Subjunctive mood' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian thil tih (verb) thumal, a rîk dan tih danglam ṭhinah, a rîk dan tih danglam zâwk leh ziah dan chi hnih awmah, a ziah dan chi hnihna zâwk leh ziah dan chi thum awmah, a ziah dan chi hnihna hmang tea duh thu sàm thil te, thil tih tum ang chi te, thil ni thei leh suangtuahna ang chi te kan sawi chhuahna ṭawngkam hi 'Subjunctive mood' chu a ni ta a. Subjunctive mood-ah hi chuan mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal te hi thil tih puitling (main verb) an ni ve ngai lo a; subordinate clause lamah phusain 'non-finite' an ni ṭhin a. Chutah chuan 'Gerund' emaw, 'Participle' emaw, 'Adverb' te an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

3. Imperative mood

        Tirhna te, thu pêkna te, ngenna te, rawtna lam hawi te sawina ṭawngkam kan leknaah, thil tih (verb) thumalin a nih phung pangngai bâka an ziarang leh nungchang an rawn thlâk danglam leh vawi hnihna hi Mizo ṭawngah chuan 'Imperative mood' chu a ni a. Thil tih (verb) thumal, a ziah dan vawi hnih tih danglam ṭhin, ziah dan chi thum nei tâah chauh hian 'Imperative mood' hi kan hmu a ni.

Entirna:

(1) Saw saw tu nge tih va 'Hre' teh.

(2) Bâwng kha 'Vaw' tawh suh.

(3) Mi 'Haw' tawh lo hram rawh.

(4) MLA chu Liana'n lo 'Be' mai se.

       Entirna sentence pakhatna hi tirhna ṭawngkam a ni a. Heta mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Hre' hi a root form chu 'Hria' niin, ziah dan chi thum, 'Hria; Hriat; Hre' ti tea hman ṭhin a ni a. Kan sentence-a tirhna lam hawi ṭawngkam atan hian a ziah dan chi thumna 'Hre' hi kan hmang a. Chutiang bawkin, pahnihnaa mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Vaw' hi a root form chu 'Vua' niin, ziah dan chi thum 'Vua; Vuak; Vaw' ti tea hman ṭhin a ni a; kan sentence-ah hian a ziah dan chi thumna 'Vaw' hi khapna lam hawi ṭawngkam atan kan hmang ve leh a. Pahthumnaah hian mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Haw' hi a root form chu 'Hua' niin, 'Hua; Huat; Haw' ti-a ziah dan chi thuma hman ṭhin a ni a. Kan sentence-a ngenna lam hawi ṭawngkam atan hian, a ziah dan chi thumna 'Haw' hi kan hmang leh a. Palinaah hian mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumal 'Be' hi ziah dan chi thum, 'Bia; Biak; Be' ti tea ziah ṭhin niin, kan sentence-ah hian a ziah dan chi thumna 'Be' hi rawtna lam hawi ṭawngkam atan kan hmang ve leh a ni.

       Hetianga tirhna te, thu pêkna te, ngenna te, rawtna te kan sawina ṭawngkama mood kengtu thil tih (verb) thumalin an nih phung leh zia an thlâk danglam vawi hnihna, an ze chi thumna an rawn chêtpui tâk ṭhin hi 'Imperative mood' chu a ni ta a ni.

Thu lâkna: P.C Thangzîkpuia ziah 'MIZO

                   ṬAWNG GRAMMAR' tih bû-a mi

Rih dil

Rih dil hi thla ka lâkpui vêl e. 

 

MIZO ṬAWNGA PARTICIPLE

Participle

        Verb thumal ni si, kan sentence-a kan mi sawi emaw, kan thil sawi emaw sawi fiahtu atana kan hman si hi verb ni chunga adjective hna thawk an ni a, chûng chu 'Participle' ti-a sawi an ni. Mizo ṭawngah chuan kan verb thumalte hian participle form hran an nei lo a; intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form leh transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form hi participle-ah hman ṭhin an ni.

Entirna:

                         adjetive

1. He laia car    dum         hi a hnawk.

                         participle

2. He laia car    ding          hi a hnawk.

       

       Entirna sentence pakhatnaah hian, "He laia car hi a hnawk," tiin sawi ta ila, 'car' hian amah sawi fiahtu adjective a nei lo ang. Chutiang bawkin a hnuaia sentence-ah hian, "He lai car hi a hnawk," tiin sawi ta ila, 'car' hian amah sawi fiahtu (adjective) a nei lo bawk ang. Amaherawhchu, kan sentence-a 'A hnawk' ti-a kan sawi ve ve hi, "Eng maw hnawk?" ti ta ila, 'car dum' tih leh 'car ding' tih hi a ni ta a. Hetah hian adjective thumal pangngai 'dum' tih hian a kawppui noun thumal 'car' hi a sawi fiaha adjective a nih ang chiahin, verb thumal 'ding' tih pawh hian a kawppui noun thumal 'car' hi sawi fiahin adjective hna a thawk ve ta chiah a ni. Hetianga verb thumal ni si, kan sentence-a adjective hna thawk ta tlat si hi 'participle' chu a ni ta a ni. 

INTRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL PARTICIPLE-A HMAN DAN

       Participle atana intransitive verb thumal kan hmang a nih chuan, a indicative mood zel hi participle-ah hman ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

                        paticiple

1. Naupang        ṭap       saw a bengchheng.

                       participle

2. Naupang         bo        kha an hmu tawh.

                                  participle

3. Sawti laia thing        ṭlu        saw a hnawk.

                 participle

4. Motor       lùm         kha kan hnûk chhuak.

                           participle

5. Dârthlalang       keh        hi thian fai teh.

       Entirna kan tar lan sentence pakhatnaah hian, "Naupang saw a bengchheng," tiin sawi ta ila, kan naupang sawi hian amah sawi fiahtu (adjective) a nei dawn lo a ni. Amaherawhchu, 'Naupang ṭap' ti-a kan sawi hian, heta intransitive verb thumal 'Ṭap' hian naupang hi ama thil tih hmang hian amah a sawi fiah nghâl a ni. Chutiang bawkin, a hnuai sentence-a 'Naupang bo' ti-a kan sawi hian, heta intransitive verb thumal 'Bo' tih hian naupang hi ama thil tih hmang hian  amah a sawi fiah ve leh nghâl bawk a ni. Hetiang intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form, kan sentence-a thil tih sawina ni chunga a titu sawi fiahtu atana kan hman ṭhin hi, verb ni chunga adjective hna thawk an nih avangin participle an ni ta a ni.

TRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL PARTICIPLE- HMAN DAN

       Participle atana transitive verb thumal kan hmang a nih chuan, a subjunctive mood form zel hi participle-ah hman a ni ve thung.

Entirna:

                   participle

1. Vaimim     kàn         hi a tui ngawt mai.

   (s   u   b   j  e  c  t)

                                             participle

2. Ka ṭhiante nen vaimim   chhum    kan ei.

                              (o    b   j    e   c   t)

 

                       participle

3. Kan vawk      talh      chu a thau hle mai.

                        participle

4. I pangpâr        khàwi    hi min pe ve rawh.

              participle

5. I thu      ziah       kha a ngaihnawm ka ti.

       Entirna kan tar lanah hian, "Vaimim hi a tui ngawt mai," tiin sawi ta ila, kan vaimim sawi hian amah sawi fiahtu (adjective) a nei dawn lo a ni. Amaherawhchu, transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form 'Kàn' hi kan zeha 'Vaimim kàn' tih a nih hian, heta thil tih sawina (transitive verb) thumal 'Kàn' hian vaimim hi a nih phung a sawi fiah ta a. Chutiang bawkin, a dawttu sentence-a 'Vaimim chhum' ti-a kan sawi hian, transitive verb 'Chhum' tih hian kan vaimim sawi hi a chi dangin a nih phung a rawn sawi fiah ve leh ta bawk a ni.

PARTICIPLE PHRASE

Participle leh Modifier inkawp

       Participle hi verb thumal an nih miau avangin adjective hna thawk mah sela, an zepui zâwk verb zia kha an la kawl tlat reng a. Chuvangin, verb an niha adverb leh auxiliary verb-te an hui khâwm theih ang ang kha participle an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei vek a. Chutiang noun sawi fiahtu atana participle leh modifier inkawp tlang tate chu 'Participle phrase' an ni ta a ni.

Entirna:

                       participle phrase

1. Lehkhabu   tla darh nuaih        kha rem fel

     teh. 

                              participle phrase

2. Hmingite'n âr    puah sa lei tur     an ngah

    mai.

       Entirna sentence pakhatnaah hian, "Lehkhabu kha rem fel teh," tiin sawi ta ila, kan sentence-a kan lehkhabu sawi hian amah sawi fiahtu (adjective) a nei lo ang. Amaherawhchu, "Lehkhabu 'tla' kha rem fel teh," ti-a kan sawi erawh hi chuan, intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Tla' hi lehkhabu sawi fiahtu 'participle' a rawn ni ta a. Heta participle hi a modifier (adverb) 'Darh nuaih' tih hian rawn puibàwm ve lehin, participle leh modifier inkawp, kan thil sawi rawn sawi fiahtu hi 'participle phrase' chu a ni ta a ni. Chutiang bawkin, entirna pahnihnaa participle leh modufier inkawp 'Puah sâ lei tur' tih hian kan thil sawi 'Âr' hi a rawn sawi fiah ve leh a. Hetianga kan thil sawi rawn sawi fiahtu, participle leh modifier inkawp hi 'participle phrase' a ni leh ta a.

      Hetiang hian verb thumal, participle atana kan hman leh amah puibàwmtu (modifier) inkawp, kan sentence-a kan thil sawi rawn sawi fiahtu atana kan hman ṭhinte hi 'participle phrase' chu an ni ta a ni.

PARTICIPLE LEH COMPLEMENT INKAWP

       Transitive verb chu tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a ni a. Chuvangin, participle-a an nihnaah pawh hian gerund ang thoin anmahni ti fiahtu (complement) atan anmahni pualin object an chhawm ṭhin a. Chutianga participle leh complement (object) inkawp dun ta chu 'participle phrase' a ni ve leh ta  ni.

Entirna:

                participle phrase

1. Nula       dàwr nghâk          kan rĭm.

                      participle phrase

2. Bâwng            fu her lai           kan thlir.

       Entirna sentence pakhatnaah hian, "Nula kan rĭm," tiin sawi ta ila, kan nula sawi hian amah sawi fiahtu (adjective) a nei lo ang. Amaherawhchu, hetah hian participle 'Nghâk' leh a object chhawm 'Dàwr' tih inkawp 'Dàwr nghâk' tih hian kan nula sawi hi a rawn sawi fiah a. Hetianga participle leh complement inkawp, kan sentence-a kan mi sawi emaw, kan thil sawi emaw rawn sawi fiahtu ni ta hi 'participle phrase' a ni ta a ni. Chutiang bawkin, entirna pahnihnaa participle leh complement leh modifier inkawp 'Fu her lai' tih hian kan sentence-a 'Bâwng' sawi hi a rawn sawi fiah leh a. Heta participle leh complement leh modifier inkawp tlâng, kan sentence-a kan thil sawi rawn sawi fiahtu ni ta hi 'participle phrase' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian transitive verb thumal, participle atana kan hman leh complement inkawp, kan sentence-a kan mi sawi emaw, kan thil sawi emaw rawn sawi fiahtu hi 'participle phrase' chu a ni ta a. Chutiang bawkin, participle leh complement inkawp, participle phrase hi modifier (adverb) leh auxiliary verb-te'na an rawn puibàwmna hi 'participle phrase' a la ni ta zel bawk  ni.

Thu lâkna: PC. Thangzîkpuia ziah 'MIZO

                   ṬAWNG GRAMMAR

MIZO ṬAWNGA VOICE

 VOICE

       Grammar-ah chuan thil titu emaw, an chanchin kan sawiate emaw hi 'Subject' tih a ni ṭhin a. Kan thu chheh dan azirin thil titu ngeiina subject a luahna leh thil tih tuartu zâwkina subject an luahna a awm ṭhin a. Hetianga kan thu chheh dan azira thil titu leh thil tih tuartuin subject an inluah thlâk thleng dan sawina hi 'Voice' chu a ni a,  Mizo ṭawngah chuan voice hi chi thum a awm a, chûngte chu:

                      1. Active voice

                      2. Passive voice

                      3. Middle voice

1. Active voice

          Thil tih kan sawina ṭawngkamah, thil titu ngeiina subject a luahna hi 'active voice' chu a ni. Active voice hi 'indicative active voice; imperative active voice; interrogative active voice' tiin chi thumah ṭhen hran leh a ni.

Indicative active voice

          Thil titu ngei subject luahtir chunga a thil tih kan sawina hi 'indicative active voice' chu a ni. Indicative active voice-ah chuan thil titu kha a chungchâng kan sawia  a nih avangin subject-ah kan hmang a, kan dah langsar ber ṭhin a. Chutianga thil titu chungchâng kan sawinaah chuan, a thil tih leh a thil tih lo tuartu (object) kha kan sawi lang tel ve ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

               Muani'n          buh      a     thlĕi.

               subject          object           t/verb

         Entirna sentence kan chhawp chhuahah hian thil titu (buh thleitu) chu 'Muani' hi a ni a. Hetah hian thil titu 'Muani' hi a chungchâng kan sawia a nih avangin 'subject' a ni ta a. Tichuan, Muani chungchâng kan sawinaah hian thil tih leh a thil tih lo tuartu 'buh' hi kan sawi lang ta a. Hetianga thil titu ngeiina subject a luahna ṭawngkam hi 'indicative active voice' chu a ni ta a ni.

Imperative active voice

        Thil titu tur ngei subject luahtir chunga intirhna ṭawngkam kan hman ṭhin hi 'imperative active voice' tih a ni ve leh a. Imperative active voice-ah chuan thil tih tur kan sawi azarah, a thil tih tur leh thil tih lo tuartu tur kha kan sawi lang tel ṭhin a ni. Chutianga tirhna ṭawngkama thil titu turin subject a luahna chu 'imperative active voice' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

Entirna:

         Nghâka'n    khuang   vaw      rawh  se.

         subject       object      t/verb

         Entirna sentence kan chhawp chhuahah hian 'Nghâka' hi kan mi tirh, thil titu tur a ni a. Thil titu tur Nghâka kan sawinaah hian, a thil tih tur leh a thil tih lo tuartu tur 'Khuang' hi kan sawi lang ve ta nghâl a ni. Tichuan, kan sentence-ah hian thil titu tur 'Nghâka' hi a chungchâng kan sawia a nih avangin subject a ni ve leh ta a. Hetianga tirhna ṭawngkama thil titu turina  subject a luahna hi 'imperative active voice' a ni ta a ni.

Interrogative active voice

        Thil tih tuartu aia a titu zâwk hriat duha zawhna ṭawngkam kan hman ṭhin hi 'interrogative active voice' tih a ni a. Interrogative active voice-ah chuan thil titu kha kan hriat duha a nih avangin subject-ah hmangin kan dah langsar ber a. Thil titu hriat duha kan zawhnaah, a thil tih leh a thil tih lo tuartu kha kan sawi lang tel ve ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

      Remi    khan     chhuat     a    nâwt   em?

      subject              object           t/verb

      Entirna kan tar lanah hian 'Remi' hi a chungchâng kan sawia a nih tlat avangin thil titu (subject) a ni a. Tichuan, Remi chungchâng kan sawinaah hian a thil tih hi hriat duhin kan zâwt ta a ni. Hetianga thil titu subject luahtir chunga zawhna ṭawngkam kan hmanna hi 'interrogative active voice' chu a ni ve leh ta a ni.

2. Passive voice

       Thil tih tuartu zâwkina subject an luah tâk hlauhna ṭawngkam hi 'passive voice' tih a ni a. Passive voice hi chi thumah ṭhen hran leh a ni a. Chûngte chu:

           1. Indicative passive voice

           2. Imperative passive voice

           3. Interrogative passive voice

Indicative passive voice

        Thil tih kan sawinaah, thil tih tuartu zâwkina subject a luah tâk daihna ṭawngkam hi 'indicative passive voice' chu a ni a. Indicative passive voice-ah chuan thil tih tuartu chungchâng kan sawinaah, a chunga thil titu kha kan sawi lang tel ve ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

                                   titu             t/verb

     Vawk        hi         Kima         talh   a   ni.

     object           adj. of cause

       Entirna kan tar lanah hian thil tih tuartu chu 'vawk' hi a ni ngei mai a; amaherawhchu, thil tih tuartu 'vawk' hi a chungchâng kan sawia a nih zâwk avangin, kan sentence-ah vawk hi subject a ni ta a. Tichuan, thil tih tuartu 'vawk' chungchâng kan sawinaah hian, a chunga thil titu 'Kima' hi kan sawi lang tel ve ta nghâl a. Hetah hian Kima hi thil titu chu a ni ngei mai a; amaherawhchu, kan sentence-a 'case' sawi fiahna huangah hi chuan, thil titu Kima hi subject chunga kutthlâktu kan sawi fiahna 'adjective of cause' a ni ta daih a ni. Hetianga thil tih tuartu zâwkina subject an luah tâk hlauhna ṭawngkam hi 'indicative passive voice' chu a ni ta a ni.

Imperative passive voice

       Thil ti tura mi dang kan tirhnaah, thil tih tuartu tur zâwkina subject a luahna ṭawngkam hi 'imperative passive voice' tih a ni a. Imperative passive voice-ah chuan thil tih tuartu zâwk kha a chungchâng kan sawia chu a nih tlat avangin subject a ni ta a. Chutianga thil tih tuartu zâwk chungchâng kan sawinaah chuan, a chunga thil titu tur kha kan sawi lang tel ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

                               titu               t/verb

    Thing      chu   Siama'n        kit   rawh   se.

     subject         adj. of cause

       Entirna kan tar lanah hian 'thing' hi thil titu ni lovin, thil tih tuartu zâwk chu a ni ngei mai a; amaherawhchu, kan sentence-ah hian a chungchâng kan sawia a nih zâwk tlat si avangin subject a ni ta hlauh a. Thing chungchâng kan sawinaah hian a chunga thil titu tur 'Siama' hi kan sawi lang tel ve ta chauh a ni a. Hetah hian Siama hi subject chunga thil titu tur sawi fiahtu 'adjective of cause' a ni ve leh ta a ni. Hetianga tirhna ṭawngkama thil tih tuartu zâwkina subject a luahna hi 'imperative passive voice' chu a ni ta a ni.

Interrogative passive voice

     Zawhna ṭawngkamah hian thil tih tuartu zâwkina subject a luahna hi 'interrogative passive voice' chu a ni a. Interrogative passive voice-ah chuan thil tih tuartu zâwk kha a chungchâng kan sawinaah, a chunga thil titu kha hriat duhin kan zâwt ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

                              titu            t/verb

       Sakhi    hi    Tluanga      kah      em ni?

       subject       adj. of cause

         Entirna kan chhawp chhuahah hian 'sakhi' hi thil titu ni lovin, thil tih tuartu zâwk chu a ni ngei mai a; amaherawhchu, sakhi hi a chungchâng kan sawia a nih zâwk tlat si avangin, kan sentence-ah hian sakhi hi subject a ni ta a. Tichuan, sakhi hi a chungchâng kan sawinaah, a chunga thil titu hi hriat duhin kan zâwt ta a ni. Hetianga zawhna ṭawngkama thil tih tuartu zâwkin subject a luahna ṭawngkam hi 'interrogative passive voice' chu a ni ve leh ta a ni.

3. Middle voice

        Thil tih kan sawinaah, thil titu leh thil tih tuartu thuhmun, subject inluah thleng tur awm chuang lo sawina hi 'middle voice' chu a ni a. Hei hi mahni chunga mahni'na thil tih kan sawina niin, middle voice-ah chuan thil tih sawi nan reflexive verb hman ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

       Nghâka  a inbual.

       subject

     Entirna kan chhawp chhuahah hian 'Nghâka' hi thil titu niin subject a ni nghâl a. Hetah hian a thil tih hi mi dang emaw, thil dang emaw lo tuartu an awm lo a; amah tho hi a tuartu chu a ni nghâl a. Hetianga thil tih kan sawinaah, thil titu emaw, a tuartu emaw subject inluah thleng tur awm chuang lova a titu leh a tuartu thuhmun reng kan sawina ṭawngkam hi 'middle voice' chu a ni ta a ni.

4. Tense tar langa voice hman dan

      Mizo ṭawngah chuan kan verb thumalte hian anmahnia thil tih hun (tense) an ken tel ve nghâl loh avangin, voice-a tense kan tih lan tel dawn chuan adverb of time emaw, auxiliary verb emaw hmanga tense hi kan sawi lan a ngai ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

(1) Active voice

 Ṭhuama'n dâr a vaw 'Tawh'. (past tense)

 Nguri'n thlèng a sil 'Mêk'. (present tense)

 Dâra'n zâwngṭah a lo 'Dawn'. (future tense)

(2) Passive voice

Dâr chu Ṭhuama'n a vaw 'Tawh'.

 (past tense)

Thlèng chu Nguri'n a sil 'Mêk'.

(present tense)

Zâwngṭah chu Dâra'n a lo 'Dâwn'.

(future tense)

         Entirna kan chhawp chhuah ang hian, Mizo ṭawngah chuan thil tih hun (tense) hi kan tar lan dawn chuan, verb thumalte hi adverb of time-in emaw, auxiliary verb-in emaw a rawn puih a ngai ṭhin a. Entirna kan sentence-a kan tar lan ang hian, auxiliary verb 'Tawh, Mêk, Dawn' tihte hmang hian voice-ah tense hi kan tar lang ta a ni.

MAN LEH MUAL CHUNGCHANG

 MAN LEH MUAL CHUNGCHANG

1. NAU PUAKPUAN MAN/NAU PUANPUAK

    MAN

2. NI-ÂR

3. PALAL

4. PU SUM

5. SUM FÂNG

6. SUM HMA HRUAI

MAN DANG AWM THEITE

7. CHÂR SÛT PHAWI MAN

8. CHHUAT KIL KAI MAN

9. DÀWN PUAN PHAH

10. LAWI CHAL

11. FANGHMA NO EI

12. NU MAN

13. NUPUI MAN KHALH

14. PALAI MAN

15. SE BO MAWH

16. ṬHIAN MAN

17. ṬHUTPHAH

A chipchiar zawkin:-

               Mizo inneih danah man leh mualin lei a rel hle a. Mizovin tangka (pawisa) an neih hmain hmeichhe manah Ṭhi, Dâr leh Sial an hmang țhin a. Chûng chu an neih loh chuan a aiah bungraw dang a hù tawka ngaihin a insutthlâktir ṭhin. Hmeichhe man bi inang vekin a kal lo va, Lal fanu man a sang ber a, Lusei manin a dawt a, Nula hnahkhat man ai chuan Nuthlawi emaw Hringkîr man emaw chu a hniam leh hret bawk ṭhin. Man atan sial an inpe tam ber a, man bi sawi nan pawh a se zâta sawiin, "Se thum, se nga" tiin an sawi a. Zàwl thu an thlun laia an inremna ang zât zât chu hmeichhe man a ni mai țhin a ni.

              Mizo inneih dana hmeichhe man reng reng hi an taksa man tak tak a ni lo va, "Inneihna Man" chauh a ni zawk a. Chu an inneihna man chu nula pa-in têl bik mai lovin, mihring chhungkhata insiam tur an nih avangin thisen zawmpui chhuiin a man chu an ei darh țhin. chu an ei darh chu "MAN ṬANG" an ti. Ran hralh leh thil dang inhralh nikhua châng reng rengin a man ei darh a ni ve ngai lo. Hetia hmeichhe man ei darh a nihna hian man hming chu pu mah se, an taksa man tak tak a nih lohzia a ti lang chiang êm êm a ni. Tin, an ei darh dàn pawhin awmzia a nei thûk em em a, an ei dàn chu hetiang hian;

1. NAU PUAKPUAN MAN/NAU PUANPUAK

    MAN:

               A lam dan hi țhenkhatin 'Nau Puakpuan Man' an ti a, ṭhenkhatin 'Nau Puanpuak Man' an ti. Pasal nei laizâwn zinga pasal neia fa nei tawh ngeiin an ei a, chutiang a neih loh leh a pami fanu pasal neia fa nei tawhin a ei țhin. Chu nula pasal nei chuan fa a neih ve tikah 'Nau Puakpuan man/Nau Puanpuak Man' eitu chuan Nau Puakpuan a tumsak ve leh ṭhin a ni.

2. NI-ÂR

               Nula pasal neia ni-in (a pa farnu in hranga awm ngei) a ei ṭhin. Nî tam tak nei mah se, a dan takah chuan (nula pasal nei khan nî tam nei mah se) a ni kha pasal nei hmasa ber a nih chuan, a nîte zinga upa berin a ei ang. Tin, a naute pasal nei leh tur an awm chuan, chûng a naute'n pasal an neih ve hunah chuan a nî naupang zawkte chuan an ei ve leh ang. Mahse, nula pasal nei kha a mah chauh a nih chuan a nîte pahnih pathum pawhin an ei ve tho ṭhin.

3. PALAL

                Khual kaia pasal neiin a pasal neihna khuaa a pa tur zawn, an laichìn hnai ei ṭhin a ni. Nula pasal nei tur kha a pasalte ina lawi nghâl mai lovin chu a pa zawn inah chuan a innghat rih a, chu a pa zawn chawp chuan a chângin a fanu anga enin engkimah pa ber chan a channa tura an ineitir ṭhin a ni a, a pa tak takte a hlat tawh avangin a vui leh a vaihna a thlenna tur leh a chaw ṭhing zenna tur berte an ni. Mâk chhiat pawh tâwk se, a tlan luhna tura a laina hnai ber tura an zawn Palal eitu a ni.

4. PU SUM

                Nula pasal neia nu pa (nula pu) ei a ni. A dam tawh loh chuan a ro khâwmtu inpui luahtu-in a ei ṭhin. Dan takah chuan Pu sum hi mi pakhat chauh ei a ni a. Amaherawhchu, nula pasal nei kha fanu mal a nih a, a laizâwn pasal nei leh mai tur an awm loh chuan, a nu pa a dam tawh bawk si loh a, a nu pa fapate( nula putea-te) pahnih pathum an lo nih si chuan 'Pu Phîr' siamin pakhat aia tam paw'n an ei țhin. Pusum hi man ṭang eitu zingah a pawimawh ber a, man ṭang dang eitu bân mah se, 'ban man' lei chhe tling a awm thei lo va, Pu erawh an bàn chuan 'Pu bàn man' sepui an chawi ṭhin. Pu bàn chuan, "vân ni an sal châwk e!" an ti. Tin, Pu sum têltu chuan a tupa-in nupui a neih ve dawn hunah pawh a Pu sum a ei zât sum a thawh ve leh ṭhin.

5. SUM FÂNG

                Nula nuṭa in dang tawhin an ei ṭhin a ni a. Sumpui êm a nih loh avangin Sum fâng hming a pu ta a ni. Nula nuṭa in dang tawh an tama pâ a pawk chuan a ei kimtir vek ṭhin.

6. SUM HMA HRUAI

                Hei hi nula pasal neia pa unau (pami)-in a ei a, man ṭang an sema an pêk hmasak ber a nih avangin 'Sum hma hruai' tih hming pu a ni. Ṭhenkhat chuan nula pa ei kha niin an sawi a, man ťang hming pawh a pu chiah lo. Nula pa bâka a lal ber pêk a ni. Man ṭang an semin an sem (pe) hmasa ber ṭhin.

MAN DANG AWM THEITE:

7. CHÂR SÛT PHAWI MAN

                Unau nula piang za, a naupang zawkin pasal nei dawn se, a u pasal a neih khalh tura chu nula hnahkhat, thisen la pal lo a nih chuan, tlai sialin a man a pung ṭhin a. Chu a man punna tak tlai sial chu "châr sût phawi man" an tih tak chu a ni. Mizo pi leh pute chuan kawmchâr bera sût hi an ngai puithu êm êm mai a, "Thla (Moon)-in a veng," an ti. In an ṭhiah pawhin pâwn sût aṭangin a phawi ṭan a, a indawtin an phawi phei zel a, châr sût ngat chu an hman leh duh dawn loh emaw, an in sak leh tur a dal a nih emaw lêm loh phei chuan phawi lohvin an dintir reng ṭhin. Chutianga phawi hnuhnun ber tura ruat a nih avangin, nula unau naupang zawk pasal nei hmasa ta tlat si chu "Châr sût phawi" an ti a ni.

8. CHHUAT KIL KAI MAN

                Nu leh pa la nei nula-in mi in aṭangin pasal nei ta se, a chènna in neitu chuan a in aṭanga pasal nei ta a nih avangin ei a nei ve ṭhin a, chu a man ei ve chu man ṭang hming pawh pu hran lovin, "Chhuat kil kai man" an tih chu a ei ve hrim hrim ṭhin a, a lo buaipui man a ni ber mai.

9. DÂWN PUAN PHAH

                Nula chhungte rem tihnain nula leh khumpui lu zawn chhuat laiah puan phaha puan inzar hliahin an fanu leh an mi duh tlangval chu an mut duntir (inpawltir) a, chu chu innei ngei ngei tura intiamkamna leh indelh nghehna thil a ni a, chutiang an lo hman ṭhin chu a nih avangin tlangvalin a neih leh duh si loh chuan se hnih (tangka sawm riat) a chawi ang. Hei hi a hretu neia tih a ni ṭhin a, dân naranin hmeithai fanu, mi iai an hlauh avanga mi'n an neih ngei duh nâna tih a ni. Dâwn puan an tihna chhan hi Dâwn hnam chìn ṭhin a ni a. Lunglei kianga Dâwn khua an tih tâk hmuna an awm lai ngeia an chìn ni-a sawi an awm. Dâwn puan phah hian man leh mualah ko ri tukna a nei hran lo va, thu tiam thûk tak a ni mai.

10. LAWI CHAL

                Tun hma-in tualkhat inneiin lawichal an nei ngai meuh lo. Khual kaia pasal nei erawh chuan kawng laka vêngtu tur leh an lawi huna vêngtu atan zah phur deuh laina lawichalah an hmang ṭhin a. Lawi zinga a chalchang ber a nih avangin 'Lawi chal' tih a ni. Ṭhenkhat chuan, lawi (ran) chal hian a pui leh a notê a vèn tlat ṭhin avanga chuta ṭanga a hming pu ta-ah an ngai. Nula pasal nei a pasal ina a lawi tur kha lawi kawngah tlangval hawklakin chirh leh vut sawh tein theh an chìn avangin lo vêng him tur leh nula lawi tur chu lawi kawnga tlûk a thian loh avangin tlu hauh lova kaih a ṭul leh kaitu tura ruat a ni. Lawi chungchânga thu neitu ber a nih avangin lawi chal man an phût ang mipa lamin an pêk duh loh phei chuan zan khat na nâ nâ chu lawi a khâm ve thiang tlat a ni. Mahse, inneih loh hlenna erawh a ni lo. Tin, lawi khàmna tur khawpa thil harsa lah a phût ngai hek lo. Lawi chal man hi mana chhiar loh mipa lam tum a ni. Mo hruai dawna hmeichhe in lama pe nghâl an awm a, mo hruaitu mipa in an luh dawna pe an awm bawk. An inremna ang ang a ni mai.

11. FANGHMA NO EI

                Nichina kan sawi lawi chal man te kha sum chhuah nikhua pawha chhuak leh lo tur a nih avangin man leh muala chhiar a ni lo va, fanghma no eia ei ral a ni a. Chutiang bawkin nupui tlân koh man a ni ber a. Nupui tlân kohna hi tlai (tangka sawm hnih) aiin a tam thiang lo. Tlân koh man hi mana chhiar a nih loh avangin hmeichhe lamin an lungawi loh mana phût, ei mai mai tura an ngen a ni. An fanu tlân chu a haw leh dawn chuan tangka sawm hnih min pe ula, an tih chu a ni. Chutia ei ral mai mai tur a nih avang chuan "Fanghma no ei" hming a lo pu ta a ni.

12. NU MAN

                Nula pasal nei kha sâwn emaw inṭhen avanga nu leh pa kâra awm lo ni se, a man chu a hringtu nu dik takin a ei ṭhin. A nu chu pasal nei a ni emaw ni lo emaw, a fanu man tlai chu a ei ve hrim hrim ṭhin a ni.

13. NUPUI MAN KHALH

                Unau mipa upa zawkin nupui neiin a man pe tla thei lo se, a man bat a awm dawn avang chuan zàwl thu an thlun laiin nula pa chuan, "A nau sialin ka khalh e." ti ta se, chu mi awmzia chu, "A nauvin nupui a neih hma ngeiin a fanu man bat ang chu pêk tlâk hmasak tur." tihna a ni. Siala khalh a nih avangin an man bat chu sepui man a tling tih a chiang a, sial an neih loh paw'n sepui aiah tangka sawm li pawm theih a ni.

14. PALAI MAN

                Nupui nei turin tlangval lamin nula inah palai tirin inneih thu chu dân dik tak (Official)-in an thlung ṭhin a. Kha palaite hah man kha hmeichhe lawina ran dàr phawh hlawk an insemtir ṭhin. Lawina ran an neih loh chuan a hranin sum an pe chuang lo. Ṭhenkhat chuan hmeichhe chhawm puan pe pawh an awm.

15. SE BO MAWH

                Nula-in sâwn paiin emaw, tlangval luhkhung se emaw, chu tlangval nen chuan innei leh dawn ta se, a man bâkah bo thiang lo hmeichhe hmeichhiat man tlai sial (tangka sawm hnih)-in a belhchhah a ngai țhin. Mana chhiar a ni lo va, bo thei lah a nih bawk si loh avangin "Se bo mawh" an ti a ni.

16. ṬHIAN MAN

                Nula pasal nei chuan ṭhian a nei ngei ngei țhin. Chu a țhiannu chuan a ṭhiannu man aṭanga la hêk lovin ei a nei ve a, chu chu 'Ṭhian man' tih a ni. Mana chhiar a ni lo va, sum chhuah pawhin a chhuak ve lo. Moin a lawipui atana a hman a nih avangin mipa lamin manpui bâka an pêk chu a ni. Miin ṭhian man eia mi ṭhiana a ṭan tawh chuan mi dang ṭhian nih a thiang tawh lo va, pasal a neih ve hunah pawh a ṭhiannu kha chhangchhe nu lo ni tawh mah se, chu ngei chu a ṭhianah a hmang leh kher ṭhin. Ṭhian man pawh a lo ei tawh zât kha pêk a ni ṭhin. A zât chu an inremna ang ang a ni mai.

17. ṬHUTPHAH

                Miin nupui man pe tla thei sela, a man aṭang tlai sial (tangka sawm hnih) an pe kîr leh ṭhin. Ṭhutphah chu mana bet hming hran pawh nei chuang lo, an pêk kìr leh duh loh phei chuan ṭhutphah a awm lo a ni mai. Ṭhutphah hi mihring invènthàwnna thil, tunlaia 'Security Deposit' an tih ang hi a ni ber ang chu maw. Bat ral theih a ni lo va, mahse, man bat nuam tak a ni. Inneite inkâra thu thlun nung reng atana zakhamna a ni. A rulh leh hun chu inneite (man neitu) fanu naupang berin emaw, pasal a neih tukah chauh a rùl ṭhin. Ṭhenkhat erawh chuan a man eitu a thih tik apianga ṭhutphah ṭhîng ta pawh an awm. Ṭhutphah hi mipa lamin an duh thua an lâk kìr theih a ni lo va, hmeichhe lamin ṭûl an tih leh tih loh thu-a pêk kìr leh chi chauh a ni. Man ziahna lehkha-ah pawh ziah a ni a, man zât sawi nikhua pawhin a hrana sawi tel ṭúl a ni lo.

Miin zali leh sawm hnih man se, "Zali leh ṭhutphah," tia sawi a ni lo va, zali leh sawm hnih a ni mai. Zali ni se, ṭhutphah sawm hnih kîr leh ta se, man chu za thum leh sawm riat leh ṭhutphah a ni lo va, zali a ni mai.

Thu lâkna: : Pu James Dokhuma

                         'Ṭawng ùn hrilh fiahna bû'