MIZO ṬAWNGA GERUND LEH VERBAL NOUN

GERUND LEH VERBAL NOUN

GERUND

       Mizo ṭawngah chuan verb thumal subjunctive mood form, verb atana kan hman ṭhin adjective thumal subjunctive mood form, kan sentence-a thil titu 'subject' emaw, thil tih tuartu 'object' atan emawa kan hman ṭhin hi 'gerund' chu a ni.

Entirna:

         1.   'Aizâwl' hi a nuam.  (subject)

         2.   'Mut' hi a nuam.       (subject)

         3.   'Ui' hi ka ngaina.       (object)

         4.   'Zài' hi ka ngaina.     (object) 

       

      Entirnaa kan chhawp chhuah pakhatna  sentence leh pahnihnaah hian, "A nuam," tiin kan sawi ve ve a. Hetah hian, "Eng maw nuam?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu noun thumal 'Aizawl' tih leh verb thumal 'Mut' hi a ni. Tichuan, kan sentence-a noun thumal 'Aizawl' tih hian  subject a luah dan leh verb thumal subjunctive mood  form 'Mut' tih hian subject an luah dan a inang ta reng a. Hetiang verb thumal ni si, noun ang chiaha kan sentence-a subject luahtu atana kan hman 'Mut' hi verb ni chunga noun anga phusa 'gerund' chu a ni ta a ni.

         Entirna kan chhawp chhuah pathumna leh palinaah hian, "Ka ngaina," tiin kan sawi ve ve a. Hetah hian, "Eng maw i ngainat?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu noun thumal 'Ui (dog)' leh verb thumal 'Zài' hi a ni. Tichuan, kan sentence-ah hian noun thumal 'Ui (dog)' hian object a luah dan leh verb thumal subjunctive mood form  'Zài' hian object an luah dan hi a inang leh ta chiah bawk a ni. Hetianga verb thumal ni si, noun ang chiaha kan sentence-a object luahtu 'Zài' hi verb ni chunga noun anga phusa 'gerund' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian, verb thumla subjunctive mood form  hi kan sentence-ah thil titu 'subject' emaw, thil tih tuartu 'object' atan emawa kan hman hian, verb ni chunga noun anga phusa 'gerund' an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

INTRANSITIVE VERB GERUND-A HMAN DAN

       Intransitive verb hi gerund-a hman a nih chuan, a subjunctive mood form zel hman ṭhin a ni a. Tuartu (object) mamawh lo thil tih sawina a nih avangin, intransitive verb chu amah lâwngin gerund-ah hian hman ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

  1. 'Tlàn' hi insâwi zawi nan a ṭha. (subject)

 

  2. Hetah hian 'Ṭhut' an phal lo.  (object)

        Entirna kan chhawp chhuah sentence pakhatnaa 'Tlàn' hi intransitive verb thumal sunjunctive mood form, ri hniam tawia lam rîk a ni a. Kan sentence-a, "Insâwi zawi nan a ṭha," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw ṭha," ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Tlàn' hi a ni. Hetah hian kan thil sawi 'Tlàn' hi subject a nih tlat avangin verb thumal ni mah sela, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman a ni a, 'gerund' a ni ta a ni.

        Entirna pahnihnaa 'Ṭhut' hi intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form bawk a ni a. Kan sentence-a, "An phal lo," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw an phal loh?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Ṭhut' hi a ni. Hetah hian 'Ṭhut' hi verb thumal ni mah sela, kan sentence-ah hian 'object' a nih tlat avangin, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman niin 'gerund' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

      Hetiangah hian, intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form hi kan sentence-ah subject emaw, object emaw atana kan hman chuan, verb thumal ni si-a noun atana kan hman, verb leh noun ni kawp 'gerund' a ni ta ṭhin a. Intransitive verb chu tuartu (object) mamawh lo thil tih sawina a nih avangin, amah lâwng hian gerund  a ni thei ṭhin a. Chutiang bawkin, adjective leh reflexive verb thumal subjunctive mood form-te pawh  anmahni lâwngin gerund-ah hman an ni ṭhin bawk a ni.

TRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL GERUND-A HMAN DAN

       Transitive verb pawh hi gerund-a hman a nih chuan, a subjunctive mood form zel hman ṭhin a ni a. Transitive verb chu tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a nih avangin (inbiakna ṭawngkam satliahah te chuan amah lâwngin gerund-ah hman ni ve bawk mah sela), gerund a nihnaah pawh hian amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object a chhawm ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

           1. 'Èi' hi puarna a ni. (subject)

           2. 'Duh' i ngah lutuk. (object)

       Entirna sentence pakhatnaa 'Èi' hi transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form, ri hniam tawia lam rîk a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian, "Puarna a ni," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Èi' hi a ni. Hetah hian, 'Èi' hi a chungchâng kan sawia (subject) a nih tlat avangin, transitive verb thumal ni mah sela, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman 'gerund' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaah pawh hian 'Duh' hi transitive verb thumal bawk niin, kan sentence-a, "I ngah lutuk," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Duh' tih hi a ni. Hetah hian 'Duh' hi kan thil sawi tuartu (object) a nih tlat avangin, transitive verb thumal ni mah sela, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman a ni a, 'gerund' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

      Hetiang hian, inbiakna ṭawngkam naranah te hian transitive verb thumal ṭhenkhat chu thil tih tuartu (object) tel lo pawhin, anmahni lâwng hian gerund-ah hman ve theih an ni ṭhin a. Amaherawhchu, transitive verb reng reng chu tuartu/dawngtu (object) mamawh  thil tih sawina an nih tlat avangin, gerund an nihnaah pawh hian anmahni ti fiahtu (complement) atan object an chhawm ṭhin a ni. (Gerund leh complement chêt dunna chu gerund phrase sawinaah tar lan a ni.)

GERUND PHRASE

Gerund leh modifier inkawp

     Gerund-te hi verb thumal an nih tlat vangin, noun angin khawsa mah sela, an zepui zâwk verb zia an la kawl tlat a. Chuvangin, verb an niha anmahni puibàwmtu atana adverb leh auxiliary verb-te an phusakpui ṭhin ang chiah kha gerund an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei vek. Chu mai ni lovin, noun nihna an neih kawp bawk avangin, adjective-te'n an la rawn puibàwm thei cheu bawk a ni. Chutiang gerund leh amah puibàwmtu modifier inkawp tlâng ta chu, kan sentence-ah subject emaw, object emaw an han nih ho khan 'gerund phrase' an ni ta ṭhin a ni. 

Entirna:

1. 'Ṭawng tam lutuk' hi  ṭha lo. (subject)

2. 'Sawi tur pawimawh deuh' ka nei.

     (object)

       Entirna sentence kan siam pakhatnaa 'Ṭawng' hi intransitive verb thumal niin, kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu 'gerund' a ni a; hei hi adverb thumal pahnih, "A ṭha lo," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu gerund leh modifier inkawp 'Ṭawng tam lutuk' tih hi a ni ta a. Hetah hian thumal pakhat aia tam ṭang tlâng/ṭang rual, gerund leh modifier inkawp 'Ṭawng tam lutuk' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian subject an nih ho/tlàn tâk avangin 'gerund phrase' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaa 'Sawi' transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood a ni ve thung a; kan sentence-ah hian verb ni chunga object luahtu 'gerund' a ni a. Heta gerund hi modifier 'Tur pawimawh deuh' tih hian an rawn pui bàwm ve leh a. Tichuan, kan sentence-a, "Ka nei," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu gerund leh modifier inkawp 'Sawi tur pawimawh deuh' tih hi a ni ta a. Hetah hian thumal pakhat  aia tam ṭang tlâng/ṭang rual, gerund leh modifier inkawp, 'Sawi tur pawimawh deuh' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian object an nih ho tâk avangin, 'gerund phrase' an ni ve leh ta ṭhin a  ni. 

GERUND LEH COMPLEMENT INKAWP

       Transitive verb hi tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a nih tlat avangin, gerund a nihnaah pawh hian object tel lo chuan amahin a fiah zo ṭhin lo a. Chuvangin, verb a niha object a neih ṭhin  ang tho khan gerund a nihnaah pawh hian amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object a la chhawm ṭhin a. Chutianga gerund leh complement (object) ṭang dun, kan sentence-a subject emaw, object emaw ni ta chu 'Gerund phrase' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

Entirna:

1. 'Lei laih' hi a hahthlâk. (subject)

2. 'Tui chèn' hi a nuam. (subject)

3. 'Ar bâwm tah' kan zir. (object)

4. 'Ruih hlo zawrh' an khap. (object)

           Entirna kan chhawp chhuah pakhatnaa 'Laih' hi transitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form a ni a. Verb thumal ni mah sela, kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu a nih avangin, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman  'gerund' a ni ta a ni. Hetah hian gerund atana kan hman 'Laih' hi amah ngáwk hian subject-ah hmangin, "Laih hi a hahthlâk," tiin sawi ta ila, amah mai chuan gerund hi a fiah phâk lo a. Chuvangin, gerund 'Laih' hi amah ti fiahtu atan ama object 'Lei' hi kan chhawmtir ta a. "Lei laih hi a hahthlâk," ti-a kan sawi hian, gerund leh a complement inkawp, 'Lei laih' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu 'Gerund phrase' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pathumna sentence-a 'Tah' hi transitive verb thumal bawk a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian object luahtu niin 'gerund' a ni ve leh a. Amaherawhchu, amah ngáwk hian object-ah hmangin, "Tah ka zir," tiin sawi ta ila, gerund hi amah mai hian a fiah phâk lo leh a. Chuvangin, amah ti fiahtu atan ama object 'Ar bâwm' hi kan chhawmtir a, "Ar bâwm tah ka zir," ti-a kan sawi hian, gerund leh complement inkawp 'Ar bâwm tah' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian object atana ṭang ho 'gerund phrase' a ni ve leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian, intransitive verb leh transitive verb emaw, reflexive verb leh adjective emaw pawh gerund atana hman an nih hian, an zepui zâwk verb zia kha an la kawl tlat avangin, verb an niha adverb leh auxiliary verb-te an phusakpui ṭhin ang kha gerund an nihnaah pawh an la chhawm thei vek a. Chu mai ni lovin, noun zia an kâwl tâk bawk avangin adjective-te pawhin an rawn puibawm thei bawk a. Chutianga gerund-in amah thuam belhtu atana modifier hrang hrang a chêtpuina tawh phawt chu 'gerund phrase' a ni ta a ni. Chu bâkah, transitive verb hian gerund a nihnaah pawh verb nihna ama object a phusakpui ṭhin ang kha gerund an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei zel a. Chutianga transitive verb thumal, gerund atana kan hmanin amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object a chêtpui phawt chuan, chu chu 'gerund phrase' a ni ta ṭhin bawk a ni.

       Gerund atana transitive verb kan hman hian complement a chhawm leh modifier a chhawmte hi a rualin a chêtpui thei bawk a. Chutianga gerund-in complement leh modifier a ruala a phusakpuina chu 'gerund phrase' a la ni ta zel a ni.

Entirna:

1. 'Lehkhabu chhiar tam' hi finna a ni.

     (subject)

2. 'Thil dah fel thlip thlep' hi ka peih ve lo.

     (object)

       Entirna kan siam sentence pakhatnaa 'Chhiar' hi gerund niin, a complement atan hian ama object 'Lehkhabu' hi a chhawm a; hei bâkah hian a modifier atan 'Tam' hi a la chhawm tel ta bawk a. Hetiang hian, gerund hian ama complement leh modifier-te hi a rualin a phusakpui thei ṭhin a. Hetianga gerund-in a ruala complement leh modifier a chêtpuina reng reng hi 'gerund phrase' a ni leh ta a ni.

       (Gerund atana transitive verb kan hman ṭhin hi 'participle' nen an ziarâng a inang êm êm a. Amaherawhchu, kan hriat hranna tur chu gerund hian complement atan ama object a chhawm tan hian adjective hna a thawk ngai lo a; transitive verb thumal 'participle' atana kan hman erawh chuan, ama object a chhawm tan hian adjective hna a thawk zel ṭhin thung a ni.)

VERBAL NOUN

        Verb thumal ni si, noun atana kan hman reng reng hi 'verbal noun' an ni vek a. Suffix 'Na' hmanga verb thumal noun-a kan siam leh 'gerund' pawh hi 'verbal noun' an ni a; amaherawhchu, verbal noun zawng zawng erawh gerund an ni ve lo thung. Gerund atan chuan verb thumal subjunctive mood form leh adjective thumal subjunctive mood form hi hman ṭhin a ni a. Verbal noun atan chuan intransitive thumal indicative mood form bâkah, transitive verb thumal indicative mood form leh imperative mood form hman ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

    verbal noun

1.  'Mû'                saw a hnâr ring mang e.

   ( subject)

    gerund

2. 'Mut'       hi i thlahlel leh lutuk.

    (object)

       Entirna kan tar lan sentence hmasa zâwka 'Mû' hi intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form a ni a. Kan sentence-ah hian, "A hnâr ring mang e," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tu maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Mû' hi a ni. Hetah hian intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Mû' hi verb thumal ni mah sela, kan sentence-ah hian thil titu 'subject' a nih tlat avangin, verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman 'verbal noun' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaa sentence-a 'Mut' hi intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form a ni ve thung a. Kan sentence-ah hian, "I thlahlel leh lutuk," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Mut' hi a ni a. Hetah hian kan sentence-a object luahtu, intransitive verb thumal subjunctive mood form 'Mut' hi verb thumal ni chunga noun atana kan hman niin 'gerund' a ni ve thung a ni.

        Hetiang hian, verb thumal ni si, kan sentence-a a thil titu (subject) emaw, til tih tuartu (object) emaw ni ṭhin hi verb ni chunga noun atana kan hman hi 'verbal noun' an ni ta ṭhin a. Verbal noun-ah hian verb thumal subjunctive mood form hi 'gerund' ti-a sawi an ni ta bîk a ni.

ITRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL, VERBAL NOUN-A HMAN DAN

       Intransitive verb thumal verbal noun-a kan hmannaah chuan, a indicative mood form hman ṭhin a ni a. Intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'verbal noun'-a kan hman hi noun angin phusa mah sela, an zepui zâwk kha verb a nih miau avangin, verb an nihna modifier atana adverb leh auxiliary verb an chhawm theih ang ang kha verbal noun an nihnaah pawh hian an la chhawm thei vek ṭhin a ni. Chutianga verbal noun leh modifier inkawp chu 'noun phrase' a ni ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

    verbal noun

1. 'Zai'               saw ka fanu a nih saw.

    (subject) 

     noun phrase

2. 'Thlâwk luap luap' kha ka perh thla.

      (object)

      Entirna sentence pakhatnaah hian, "Ka fanu a nih saw," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tu maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Zai' hi a ni. Tichuan, sentence-a object luahtu intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Zai' hi thil tih hmanga a titu sawina niin 'verbal noun' a ni ta a ni. Kan sentence pahnihnaa, "Ka perh thla," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Eng maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Thlâwk luap luap' tih hi a ni a. Hetah hian thil tih hmanga a titu kan sawi 'Thlâwk' hi verbal noun niin, "Thlâwk kha ka perh thla," ti pawha sawi theih a ni a; amaherawhchu, modifier (adverb) a chhawm nen 'Thlâwk luap luap'  tih a nih hian, kan sentence-a 'Thlâwk luap luap' tih hi 'noun phrase' a ni ta ni.

       Hetiangin, intransitive verb thumal indicative mood form hi kan sentence-ah subject maw, object maw luahtu atana kan hman hian, thil tih hmanga  a titu kan sawina, verb ni chunga noun nih kawp 'verbal noun' an ni ta ṭhin a. Hêng verbal noun-te hi anmahni puibawmtu modifier-adverb leh auxiliary verb-te nena an phusak ho chuan 'noun phrase' an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

TRANSITIVE VERB THUMAL, VERBAL NOUN-A HMAN DAN

       Transitive verb thumal hi a indicative mood form bâkah, a imperative mood form hi verbal noun-ah hman ṭhin a ni a.Transitive verb hi tuartu (object) mamawh thil tih sawina a nih tlat avangin, verbal noun-a kan hmannaah pawh hian amah ti chiangtu (complement) atan ama object nen an la che dun ṭhin a. Chutianga transitive verb thumal indicative mood form leh imperative mood form, verbal noun-a kan hmanin ama object a chêtpuina chu 'noun phrase' an ni ta ṭhin a ni.

Entirna:

     noun phrase

1. 'Bâwng kai'     an lo kal.

     (subject)

     noun phrase

2. 'Khuang vaw ṭhin' hmelhriat ka nei.

     (object)

       Entirna hmasa zâwkah hian, "An lo kal," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tute maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Bâwng kai' tih hi a ni a. Hetah hian til tih sawina ni chunga a titu kan sawina, kan sentence-a subject luahtu transitive verb thumal indicative mood form 'Kai' hi, verb ni chunga noun atan kan hman niin 'verbal noun' a ni ta a. Amaherawhchu, heta verbal noun 'Kai' hi tuartu mamawh thil tih sawina (transitive verb) thumal a nih tlat si avangin, verbal noun a nihnaah pawh hian amah mai chuan a fiah zo lo a; chuvangin, amah ti fiahtu atan ama object (complement) 'Bâwng' hi a chhawm ta a. Tichuan, verbal noun leh object inkawp 'Bâwng kai' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian subject luahtu 'noun phrase' a ni ta a ni.

       Entirna pahnihnaah hian, "Hmelhriat ka nei," ti-a kan sawi hi, "Tu maw?" ti ta ila, a chhanna chu 'Khuang vaw ṭhin' tih hi a ni a. Heta thil tih hmanga a titu kan sawina, kan sentence-a object luahtu 'Vaw' hi thil tih sawina ni chunga noun atana kan hman niin 'verbal noun' a ni ve leh a. Amaherawhchu, hei pawh hi transitive verb thumal a nih tlat si avangin, amah mai hian a fiah zo lo a. Chuvangin, amah ti fiahtu (complement) atan ama object 'Khuang' hi a chhawm ve leh ta a. Hei hi modifier (adverb) 'Ṭhin' tih hian puibawm ve lehin 'Khuang vaw ṭhin' tih hi kan sentence-ah hian object luahtu 'noun phrase' a ni leh ta a ni.

       Hetiang hian, transitive verb thumal hi a indicative mood form emaw, a imperative mood form emaw hi 'verbal noun'-ah  hian hman ṭhin a ni a. Transitive verb chu object mamawh thil tih sawina a nih tlat avangin, verbal noun an nihnaah pawh hian complement atan anmahni object an chhawm ṭhin a. Chu mai ni lovin, modifier atan  adverb leh auxiliary verb-te pawh an chhawm tel thei bawk a. Chutiang complement nen chauh emaw, complement leh modifier-te nen emawa verbal noun han phusa ho ta ṭhin chu 'noun phrase' a ni ta a ni.

Chhinchhiah tel atan:

       (1) Verb thumal ni si, noun atana kan hman tawh phawt hi 'verbal noun' an ni vek a; amaherawhchu, verb thumal subjunctive mood form, noun atana kan hmante erawh hi verbal noun ni tho mah sela, 'gerund' ti-a sawi an ni bîk a ni.

      (2) Verbal noun-in modifier (adverb, auxiliary verb) a chêtpuina leh complement (ama object) a chêtpuina ang chi reng reng hi 'noun phrase' a ni a. Gerund-in modifier a chêtpuina leh complement a chêtpuina hi 'gerund phrase' tih a ni thung a. Participle-in modifier a chêtpuina leh complement a chêtpuina hi 'participle phrase' tih a ni ve leh thung a ni.

Thu lâkna: PC. Thangzîkpuia ziah 'MIZO

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